ABSTRACT
Four experiments were conducted to determine the chemical and nutritional potentials of Icacina mannii meal as an alternative energy source for weaner pigs. Experiment 1 investigated the proximate, gross energy, anti-nutritional factors and mineral compositions of the raw Icacina mannii meals (RO), Icacina mannii meals pressed with oil (IPO), Icacina mannii meals pressed and toasted (IPT), and fermented and pressed Icacina manni meal (FPI) and metabolizable energy of raw and variously processed Icacina mannii meal were determined using 12 hybrids cross bred growing pigs with a weight range of 26-30kg. In experiment 2, the level of 5% inclusion of raw Icacina mannii meal in weaner pig’s diet was determined. Experiment 3 evaluated the performance of weaner pigs fed diets in which maize component was replaced by IPO, IPT and FPI at 6% raw inclusion level. Experiment 5 determined the dietary inclusion level of fermented and pressed Icacina mannii meals (FPI) in weaner pig’s diet. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design consisting of three replicates with two (2) weaner pigs per replicate. In experiment 1, the proximate and mineral compositions of IPO was higher (P<0.05) than others. FPI resulted in the highest percentage reduction of anti-nutritional factors (P<0.05).The IPT had the highest (P<0.05) value for metabolizable energy (2.73kcal/g). In experiment 2, the raw Icacina manni meals significantly (P<0.05) depressed growth as the levels of inclusion increased from 7.5% to 10%. For nutrient digestibility and utilization, raw Icacina manni meals did not revealed negative impacts on the nutrients utilization of weaner pigs. Diet 2 (5%) showed similar (P>0.05) economics of diet with control diet. The blood constituents analyzed revealed normal range values except for PCV for diet 3 (7.5%) and diet 4 (10%), MCV, MCH and MCHC for all the diets, total protein for diet 4 (10%), albumin for diet 3 (7.5%) and diet 4 (10%), cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase for all the diets. In experiment 3, body weights gain, FCR and economics of diets showed no significant (P>0.05) difference. Processed Icacina mannii meals significant (P<0.05) improved nutrient digestibility and utilization of weaner pigs. The blood constituents analyzed revealed normal range values except for cholesterol for diet 2 (IPO). In experiment 4, weaner pigs fed 10% FPI (diet 3) and 12% FPI (DIET 4) performed better for body weight gains, FCR, and economics of diets among others. Graded levels of FPI comparably (P>0.05) improved nutrient digestibility and nutrient utilization of weaner pigs among majority of the parameters measured. The blood constituents analyzed revealed normal range values except for MCH and Cholesterol for all the diets. It is therefore concluded that fermented and processed Icacina mannii meal emerged as the best processing technique among others. Quantitative replacement of maize with raw Icacina mannii meals at 5% dietary level of inclusion was not deleterious to weaner pigs. Weaner pigs fed diet containing fermented and processed Icacina mannii meal (FPI) gave the best performance numerically among the pigs fed differently processed tuber meal at 6% dietary level of inclusion. The dietary level of inclusion of quantitative replacement of the maize with the product of the best processing technique (FPI) was 10% - 12%.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Declaration
ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table
of contents vi
List
of Tables xi
List
of Plates xiii
List
of Figure xiv
Abstract
xv
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2
Objectives
of the Study 2
1.3
Statement
of Problem 3
1.4
Justification 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Origin/Distribution 5
2.2
Common Names 5
2.3 Synonym 5
2.4
Taxonomy 5
2.5
Botany 7
2.6
Ecology 9
2.7
Agronomy 9
2.8
Chemical Compositions 10
2.9 Function
Of Mineral In Pigs 12
2.10
Anti - Nutritional Factors 15
2.10.1 Tannin 15
2.10.2 Phytate
16
2.10.3
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 17
2.10.4 Oxalates 18
2.10.5 Galactosamine (GAL) 19
2.11 Traditional Processing of Roots and
Tubers 20
2.12 Constraints in the Traditional Processing of
Root /Tubers 20
2.13 Traditional Processing Techniques 22
2.13.1 Processed with oil 22
2.13.2 Fermented and processed for 72 hours 23
2.13.3 Processed and toasted (Garri form) 25
2.14 Dietary
Energy for Pigs 25
2.14.1
Measurement
of energy 26
2.14.2 Deficiencies of energy in pig nutrition 28
2.15 Digestibility of Nutrients 30
2.15.1 Assumptions of digestibility 31
2.15.2
Factors influencing digestibility of
nutrients in growing pigs 32
2.16 Uses of Icacina
mannii 37
2.16.1 Cropping uses 37
2.16.2 Livestock
uses 39
2.17 Blood 39
2.17.1 Blood chemistry 39
2.17.2.
Haematological indices 44
2.17.2.1
Haemoglobin (Hb) 44
2.17.2.2 Red blood cell (RBC) 45
2.17.2.3 Packed cell volume (PCV) 45
2.17.2.4 White blood cell (WBC) 46
2.17.2.5 Mean corpuscular
volume (MCV) 50
2.17.2.6 Mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) 50
2.17.2.7Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 50
2.18
Economy
of Production 51
2.18.1 Cost-effective feeding strategies for
growing pigs 52
2.18.2 Cost/Kg of feed 57
2.18.3 Cost of feed consumed 57
2.18.4 Cost/Kg weight gain 57
2.18.5 Revenue 58
2.18.6 Gross margin 58
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1
Experimental Location 59
3.2 Feedstuff and Processing of Icacina
mannii Tubers 59
3.3
Experimental
Animals and their Management 61
3.4
Experimental
Diets 62
3.4.1
Raw Icacina manni meal (RO) 62
3.4.2 Processed
Icacina manni meals 63
3.4.3 Fermented and processed Icacina manni meals 64
3.5
Chemical
Analysis 65
3.6
Mineral
Determination 65
3.7
Determination of Anti-Nutrients 67
3.7.1
Tannic acid (tannin) 67
3.7.2
Phytate 68
3.7.3
Hydrogen cyanide
(HCN) 68
3.7.4
Oxalate 69
3.7.5
Galactosamine 70
3.8
Determination of Metabolizable
Energy of Raw and
Processed Icacina manni Meals. 71
3.9
Determination
of Nutrient Digestibility of Weaner Pigs Fed
72
3.10
Growth Performance 74
3.11 Haematological and Blood Chemistry Analysis
74
3.11.1 Red blood cell count 75
3.11.2 Haemoglobin Estimation (cyanmethaemoglobin method) 76
3.11.3 Total white blood cell 76
3.11.4 Packed cell volume 77
3.11.5 Total
protein 77
3.11.6 Albumin 77
3.11.7 Alkaline phosphatase 78
3.11.8
Cholesterol 78
3.11.9
Creatinine 79
3.12 Economics of the Experimental Diets 79
3.13 Experimental Design and Date Collection 80
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Proximate
Composition of Raw and differently Processed
Icacina mannii Meals 81
4.2
Anti-nutritional factors of Raw and
differently Processed
Icacina mannii Meals 87
4.3
Mineral Composition (Macro) of Raw and
differently
Processed Icacina
mannii Meal 90
4.4
Mineral Composition (Micro) of Raw and
differently
Processed Icacina
mannii Meals 93
4.5
Metabolizable Energy (ME) (kcal/g) of Raw and
differently
Processed Icacina mannii Meals. 96
4.6
Experiment Two (Raw) 98
4.6.1
Proximate
composition and gross energy of diets containing graded level
of raw Icacina mannii meal 98
4.6.2
Anti-nutritional factors in
diet containing graded level
of Icacina mannii meal 100
4.6.3
Growth performance
of weaner pigs fed diet containing graded level
of Icacina
mannii meal 102
4.6.4
Haematological indices of weaner pigs fed diet
containing graded level
of raw Icacina manni meals 105
4.6.5
Blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed diet containing graded level
of raw Icacina manni meals 107
4.6.6
Apparent
digestibility coefficients of weaner pigs fed diet containing graded level
of raw Icacina
manni meals 110
4.6.7
Energy
utilization of weaner pigs fed diet containing
graded level
of raw Icacina manni meals 112
4.6.8:
Nitrogen balance and protein utilization
of weaner pigs fed diet containing
graded level of raw Icacina
manni meals 114
4.6.9 Cost-analysis of weaner pigs fed diet containing graded level
of raw Icacina manni meals 116
4.7
Experiment Three (Processing Methods) 119
4.7.1 Proximate
composition and gross energy composition of diet containing
differently
processed Icacina mannii
meals. 119
4.7.2 Anti-nutritional factors of diet
containing differently processed
Icacina manni meals. 121
4.7.3 Growth performance of weaner pigs fed of diet containing
differently processed
Icacina manni
meals 123
4.7.4
Haematological indices of weaner
pig fed of diet containing
differently processed Icacina mannii meals 125
4.7.5
Blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed of diet containing
differently processed Icacina mannii meals 127
4.7.6 Apparent
digestibility coefficients of weaner pigs fed of diet containing
differently processed
Icacina mannii meals 129
4.7.7
Energy
utilization of weaner pigs fed of diet containing
differently
processed Icacina manni meals 131
4.7.8. Nitrogen
balance and protein utilization of weaner pigs fed of diet containing
differently
processed Icacina manni meals 133
4.7.9. Cost analysis of weaner pigs fed of diet
containing
differently
processed Icacina mannii meals. 135
4.8
Experiment Four (Fermented and Processed Icacina
manni Meals) 137
4.8.1
Proximate composition and gross energy
composition of diets containing
graded levels of fermented and pressed Icacina manni meals (FPI) 137
4.8.2
Anti-nutritional
factors of diets containing graded levels
of fermented and pressed Icacina
manni meals (FPI) 139
4.8.3
Growth
performance of weaner pigs fed
diets containing graded levels
of fermented
and processed Icacina mannii meals (FPI) 141
4.8.4 Haematological
indices of weaner pigs fed diets containing
graded levels of fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals (FPI) 144
4.8.5.
Blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed diets
containing graded levels of
fermented and processed Icacina manni meals (FPI) 146
[
4.8.6.
Apparent digestibility coefficients of
weaner pigs fed diets containing graded levels
of fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals (FPI) 148
4.8.7 Energy utilization of weaner pigs fed
diets containing graded levels
of fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals 150
4.8.8 Nitrogen
balance and protein utilization of weaner pigs fed diets
containing
graded levels
of fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals (FPI) 152
4.8.9. Cost
analysis of weaner pigs fed diets
containing graded levels of fermented and processed Icacina mannii meals (FPI) 154
Conclusion
and Recommendation 157
References
160
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 The proximate composition of raw and
differently
processed Icacina mannii meals 11
2.2
Proximate composition
of fresh and processed
Icacina mannii meals (%DM) 11
2.3 Normal range of blood chemistry indices
of
weaner or growing pigs 43
2.4 Shows the mean and normal range of
haematological indices
of blood
for weaners or growing pigs. 51
3.1 Composition of Experimental diets using
raw
Icacina mannii meals 62
3.2 Composition of Experimental diets using
processed
Icacina
mannii
meals 63
3.3 Composition of experimental diets using
fermented and
processed Icacina mannii meals (FPI) 64
4.1
Proximate composition of raw and
differently processed
Icacina manni meals 86
4.2 Anti-nutritional factors of raw and differently processed
Icacina
manni meals 89
4.3
Macro minerals Composition of Raw
and differently processed
Icacina manni meals
92
4.4
Micro mineral composition of raw and
differently
processed Icacina mannii meals 95
4.5
Metabolizable energy of raw and
differently processed
Icacina mannii meals. 97
4.6.1 Proximate composition and gross energy of diets
containing graded levels of
raw
Icacina mannii meals 99
4.6.2
Anti-nutritional factors of diets containing graded levels of
raw Icacina
manni meals 101
4.6.3 Growth
Performance of Weaner pigs
fed diets containing graded levels of raw
Icacina
mannii meals 104
4.6.4
Haematological indices of weaner pigs
fed diets containing graded levels of raw
Icacina
mannii
meals. 106
4.6.5
Blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed
diets containing graded levels of
raw Icacina
mannii meals 109
4.6.6 Apparent
digestibility coefficients of weaner pigs fed diets containing
graded
levels of raw Icacina mannii
meals 111
4.6.7 Energy utilization of weaner pigs fed
diets containing graded levels of
raw Icacina mannii meals 113
4.6.8
Nitrogen balance and protein
utilization of weaner pigs fed diets
containing graded levels of
raw Icacina
manni meals 115
4.7.1
Cost-analysis
of weaner pigs fed diets containing
graded levels of
raw Icacina manni meals 118
4.7.1
Proximate composition and gross energy of diets
containing differently processed Icacina
manni meals 120
4.7.2 Anti- nutritional factors of diets containing differently processed
Icacina manni meals 122
4.7.3 Growth performance of weaner pigs fed
diets containing differently processed
Icacina
manni
meals. 124
4.7.4 Haematological
indices of weaner pigs fed diets
containing differently
processed
Icacina
manni
meals 126
4.7.5 Blood
chemistry of weaner pigs fed diets
containing differently processed
Icacina
manni
meals 128
4.7.6 Apparent
digestibility coefficients of weaner pigs fed diets containing
differently processed Icacina manni meals 130
4.7.7 Energy utilization
of weaner pigs fed diets containing differently y processed
Icacina
manni meals 132
4.7.8 Nitrogen balance and protein utilization of
weaner pigs fed
diets containing differently processed Icacina mannii meals 134
4.7.2
Cost
analysis of weaner pigs fed diets
containing differently processed
Icacina manni meals 136
4.8.1
Proximate composition and gross energy
of diets containing graded
levels of
fermented and pressed Icacina mannii meals 138
4.8.2 Anti-nutritional
factors of diets containing graded
levels of
fermented and pressed Icacina mannii meals 140
4.8.3
Growth performance of weaner pigs fed diets containing graded
levels
of fermented and pressed Icacina mannii meals 143
4.8.4 The
haematological indices of weaner pigs fed diets
containing graded
levels fermented and processed Icacina mannii meals 145
4.8.5 Blood chemistry of weaner pigs fed diets containing graded
levels fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals 147
4.8.6 Apparent digestibility coefficients of weaner
pigs fed diets containing graded
levels
fermented and processed Icacina
mannii meals 149
4.8.7 Energy utilization of weaner
pigs fed diets containing graded
levels fermented and processed Icacina mannii meals 151
4.8.8 Nitrogen balance and protein utilization of
weaner pigs
fed diets
containing graded levels fermented and processed
Icacina
mannii meals 153
4.8.9 Cost analysis of weaner pigs fed diets containing graded levels
fermented and
processed Icacina mannii meals (FPI) 156
LIST OF PLATES
1:
Icacina mannii tuber 6
2:
Icacina mannii plant 8
3:
Icacina mannii fruits 38
LIST OF FIGURES
1.
The critical period of energy demand in the
pig through its life and diseases that may be associated if an energy
deficiency arises 30
ASSAM, A (2023). Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Icacina mannii (Earth Ball) Meals In The Diet Of Weaner Pigs. Mouau.afribary.org: Retrieved Dec 23, 2024, from https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/chemical-and-nutritional-evaluation-of-icacina-mannii-earth-ball-meals-in-the-diet-of-weaner-pigs-7-2
ASSAM, ASSAM. "Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Icacina mannii (Earth Ball) Meals In The Diet Of Weaner Pigs" Mouau.afribary.org. Mouau.afribary.org, 15 Aug. 2023, https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/chemical-and-nutritional-evaluation-of-icacina-mannii-earth-ball-meals-in-the-diet-of-weaner-pigs-7-2. Accessed 23 Dec. 2024.
ASSAM, ASSAM. "Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Icacina mannii (Earth Ball) Meals In The Diet Of Weaner Pigs". Mouau.afribary.org, Mouau.afribary.org, 15 Aug. 2023. Web. 23 Dec. 2024. < https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/chemical-and-nutritional-evaluation-of-icacina-mannii-earth-ball-meals-in-the-diet-of-weaner-pigs-7-2 >.
ASSAM, ASSAM. "Chemical And Nutritional Evaluation Of Icacina mannii (Earth Ball) Meals In The Diet Of Weaner Pigs" Mouau.afribary.org (2023). Accessed 23 Dec. 2024. https://repository.mouau.edu.ng/work/view/chemical-and-nutritional-evaluation-of-icacina-mannii-earth-ball-meals-in-the-diet-of-weaner-pigs-7-2