ABSTRACT

The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of six Gram negative pathogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and Enterococcus was evaluated. The test organisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using the Kirby Bauer method. A multi-disc containing eight (8) antibiotics; Ceftrazidime (30ug), Cefuroxime (30ug), Gentamicin (10ug), Ceftriaxone (30ug), Ofloxacin (5ug), Ciprofloxacin (5ug), Augmentin (30ug), Nitrofurantoin (300ug), was used. The result showed all (100%) the isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin while all (100%) were resistant to Augmentin. 5(83.3%) of the test organisms were resistant to  Nitrofurantoin and Ceftriaxone. Apart from Shigella  spp which was resistant to only one antibiotic (12.5%), all the others recorded resistance to two or more antibiotics. The result showed that the test organisms are multidrug resistant hence, might have chemical consequences since the organisms are also Zoonoses.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgments iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables vii

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1      Potential Bacterial Contaminants associated with Abattoir Wastewater 4

2.1.2 Escherichia coli 4

2.1.3 Salmonella 6 

2.1.4 Shigella 8

2.1.5 Klebsiella 9

2.1.6 Enterobacter 10

2.1.7 Serratia 11

2.1.8 Pseudomonas 11 

2.2 Antibiotic Resistant 11

2.3 Definition of ESBL’s (Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase) 12

2.4 Resistance to β-Lactams 12

2.5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility14

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Study Area 16

3.2 Sample Collection 16

Sterilization of Materials 16

3.4 Preparation of Culture Media 16

3.5 Identification and Confirmation of Isolates 17

Gram Staining 17

3.5.2 Motility Test 18

3.5.3 Biochemical Tests 18

3.5.4 Catalase Test 18

3.5.5 Oxidase Test 19

3.5.6 Urease Test 19

3.5.7 Indole Test 19

3.5.8 Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer Test 20

3.5.9 Citrate Utilization Test 20

3.5.10 Sugar Fermentation Tests 20

3.6 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 21

3.7 Measurement of Zone of Inhibition 21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results 22

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion 27

5.2 Conclusion 28

5.3 Contribution to Knowledge 29

5.4 Recommendation 29

5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies 29

REFERENCES

APPENDIX