ABSTRACT

Gram negative bacteria are the most prevalent cause of urinary tract infection when compared to gram positive bacteria. The gram negative organisms commonly implicated are E. coli, Klebsilla spp, Staphylococcus aureus, protens spp., Psendomonas asmginosa and other gram negative bacteria. Urinary tract infection is most common among females than males and this could be explained by the short urethra of the females which make them prone to urinary tract infection. Mid stream urine samples were collected from UTI patients around MOUAU. Each specimen was cultured using standard bacteriological methods identification of gram negative organisms were made and antibiotic sensitivity testing of the gram negative isolates was carried out. A total of 30 gram negative isolates were used in the study out of which 10 (33.3%) were E. coli, 9(30%) Protens spp  6(20%) pseudomonad aeruginosa and 5(16.7%) klebsiella spp. Nitrofurantoin was the most effective antibiotic against the isolates while the isolates were highly resistant to cefixime and augmentin. E. coli was the most isolated gram negative organism isolated in thus study. Education on the importance of proper treatment of UTI to the general public cannot be over emphasized.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page i

Title page ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Table of contents vi

List of tables viii

List of figures ix

Abstract x

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction 1

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Antimicrobial Agents 3

2.2 Penicillin 3

2.2.1  Tetracycline 4

2.2.2     Chloramphenicol 4

2.3    Antibiotic Resistance 5

2.4     Mode of Action of Antibiotics 6

2.5    Gram Negative Bacteria 8

2.5.1. Escherichia coli 8

2.5.2.    Klebsiella Specie 8

2.5.3      Proteus Species 9

2.5.4. Pseudomonas Species. 9

2.6.     Urinary Tract Infections 9

2.6.1. Types of Urinary Tract Infections 10

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Sample Collections 11

3.2 Sterilization of Materials 11

3.3 Isolation of bacteria from urine Samples 11

3.4 Grem Stain Test 11

3.4.1 Biochemical tests 12

3.4.2 Catalase test 12

3.4.3 Peptone Water Sugar Test 12

3.4.4 Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing 13

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 14

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussions 19

5.1 Conclusion 20

REFERENCE

APPENDIX  1

APPENDIX  2