ABSTRACT 

The normal flora of healthcare workers may serve as reservoirs for causing healthcare associated infections (nosocomial infections). Nosocomial(hospital- acquired) infections are those infections arising from hospital environment or patients own microflora, or inadequately sterilized  equipments.  Swabs were obtained from the skin and nose of healthcare workers and non healthcare workers respectively. Samples were analyzed using Blood agar and Macconkey agar. After identification of bacteria, the disc diffusion techniques of antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all the isolates. Among microbial isolates recovered from our participants, the commonest isolates among healthcare workers were staphylococcus aureus with prevalence of 83.3% while Staphylococcus aureus prevalence in non healthcare workers was 75%. whereas the least isolates recovered from healthcare workers was Streptococcus species with prevalence of 12.5% and Pseudomonas aeruginona was not isolated from non healthcare workers. The result of antimicrobial susceptibility test shows a multi-drug resistant to the antimicrobial agents among healthcare workers compared to non-healthcare workers. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE

TITLE PAGE

CERTIFICATION - - - -- - - - - - i

DEDICATION -- - - - - - - - - ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - - iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - - - iv

LIST OF TABLES - --- - - - - - - - vi

LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - - - - - vii

ABSTRACT  - - - - - - - - - - viii

CHAPTER ONE 

1.0 INTRODUCTION -- - - - - - - - 1

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES - - - - - - - 2

CHAPTER TWO 

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - 3

2.1 NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS AND SITES OF INFECTION      - - 4

2.1.1 Emergence and Risk group of Nosocomial Infection - - - - 6

2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS - - - 7

2.2.1 Mode of reproduction - - - --- - - - 8

2.2.2 Roles in causing diseases - - - - - - - 8

2.2.3 Skin infections - - - - - - - - 9

2.3 SPECIES OF PSEUDOMONAS - - -- - - - 9

2.4 SPECIES OF STREPTOCOCCI - - - - - - 10

2.5 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND MECHANISM - - - 11

2.6 CAUSES OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE - - - - 11

2.6.1 Biological causes - - - - - - - - 12

2.6.2 Societal Causes - - - - - - - - 12

2.6.3 Antibiotics resistance of Staphylococcus aureus - - - - 13

2.6.4 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - - - 13

2.6.5 Mode of transmission - - - - - - - 13

2.7 PREVENTION AND CONTROL - - - - - - 14

CHAPTER THREE 

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS - - - - - - 16

3.1 SOURCE OF SAMPLES -- - - - - - - 16

3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION - - - - - - - 16

3.3 MEDIA PREPARATION - - - - - - - 17

3.4 ISOLATION OF BACTERIA  - - - - - - 17

3.4.1 Characterization and identification -- - - - - - 17

3.5 ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST - - - - - 17

3.6 GRAM–STAIN REACTION - - -- - - - 18

3.7 BIOCHEMICAL TEST FOR FURTHER IDENTIFICATION - - 19

3.7.1 Catalase test - - - - - - - - - 19

3.7.2 Coagulase test - - - - - - - 19

3.7.3 Oxidase test - - - - - - - - - 20

3.7.4 Motility test - - - -- - - - - - 20

3.7.5 Citrate utilization test - - - - - - - - 20

CHAPTER FOUR 

4.0 RESULTS - - - - - - - -- - 21

CHAPTER FIVE 

5.0 DISCUSSION - - - - - - - - - 29 

5.1 CONCLUSION - - - --- -- - - - 30

5.2 RECOMMENDATION - - - - - - - 31

REFERENCES